What is a GUI? Is the understanding of life and feelings of their ancestors. Invisible ghosts, can't see or touch, but it seals in the minds of the ancients, and calling send wander away on the mask. Man's search for soul home, explore, from head start to mask for the media, eventually creating the world's largest folk dramas-the China nuo. Want to know about "ghosts", you must enter the magical world of masks.
Masks and ghosts
This weird masks stare angrily spit tongue, is unique to Chinese nuo offering activity, exorcism core props for avoiding disaster. Nuo conceived in the Neolithic period, initiation in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Nuo dancers believe that masks adsorption spirits and power then passed to their own. Such view of fortune-telling, has been handed down from ancient times.
Sonorous nuo
Far away in anshun, Guizhou province, inhabited by 200,000 special Han Chinese, they live in the old fortress, uphold the Han legacy of many disappeared – di XI is one. All beautiful head of "face" mask green yarn, bright colored skirts around the waist, toting banners, JI-Yang GE, in the accompaniment of drums and dance in unison. In early Ming dynasty army of the South, to Tun, nuo offerings prevalent in the military fort, play is to play the only theme, hero worship, runs through the play's always, for the ghosts of epidemics to add mask military style.
Face shell
Lingshan County of Guangxi Province jumped ghost boy in a ceremony, nuo dancers put on a fierce look. Ghost mask with dense, unique in the Han nationality's nuo offering activities, echoed the long sound of fortune-telling beliefs. In the eyes of most people, even hatching one of the nuo God, often with a ghost of the gas, so it is often called exorcise "ghost stories" or "jump faces."
White mist floating mountains, give the feeling of quiet and calm can be, it can also be a mystery and tension. At the border of WA nationality autonomous county of Yunnan Pu-Erh tea, hidden in the Hengduan mountain valley will have this dual background color.
WA-populated village was known as wazhai, tradition, each wazhai has a wooden drum room, with wooden pillars, covered with a bamboo grass, like pavilions. Booth display at least one pair of stout "stakes"-a wooden drum. It is said that these were dug a hollow round by knocking clear high, low, majestic will be issued in two different drum sound, this is the one female and one male. Curious visitors wanted to hear this wooden drum, but once upon a time in the wazhai, do not only difficult, but also very dangerous. Because when there is a wooden drum, there must be beheaded, the local saying: "wooden drum, head itch. "
A century ago, accompanied by pomp and beheaded--"headhunters", not by accident, every occasion of cereal sowing, harvesting, and major diseases, when the flood comes, demand to kill the enemy stronghold or an enemy's head. Cut off head, back when the village, village people dance to meet, and slaughtering animals for sacrifice. Head through the wooden drum festivals, then moved into the "ghost forest" poll, it was upgraded to the patron saint of the village. Ashes mixed with human blood, was assigned to every family in the village, until the sowing and seeds into the land ... ...
Head of power
This scary "human blood sacrifice" practices in WA was not banned until last century. Historically, hunting style is not unique to WA, Han Chinese and other ethnic minority areas have been popular.
In 1961, the heir to the world's largest financial empires Maike·luokefeile along the New Guinea coast mysteriously disappeared, there is evidence that local indigenous in order to get magic booty, hunted him in the head. To many in South America, Africa, South Asia head hunters clan in surprised confusion in appearance.
They like the head's intention?
WA people say, wooden drums sounded when master da ghost "muyiji" will come, accept and worship. A long time ago, ground millet grow well, humans, animals die, dog, monkey's head sacrifice did not go well, and cut head offering would be nice. Head of WA people, full of supernatural power, highly valuable, they believe that the skull has a strong vitality, you can pass to the Valley.
Old WA in their primitive beliefs in association with nature, there have been shocking customs--as search. Weng Ding Gucun Cangyuan County, Yunnan province, it is the best preserved of the original eco-WA village, Valley village has stood with heads offering the "poll", it was abolished in the last century, has now become a mysterious heritage.
Why would die head alive? It is also popular in the ancient world "magic universe"-worship the skull speaks. Anthropologist Chang Kwang-chih noted that on a pinata of Yangshao culture of five thousand or six thousand years ago, there is a special paint portraits, seem to be irradiated by x-ray, bones, which stands for "bone demon" (including skull) worship.
Mysterious mountain called Long Moye, meaning hanging Bull's head of forest in San Diego.
Human bones and flesh-and-blood life together, but had been "unjust" discrimination. China has a widespread sense of "secondary mass graves" funerary societies, bodies buried after a few years, bone cut out again in addition to meat, small is big, even repeatedly cleaned, and then reburied. According to some customs, an anthropologist explain it this way: wash the bones are considered ancestral bones, flesh-and-blood belonging to the room, dirty, only clean bones are dead "bodies".
Ancient people pay special attention to the things beyond their comprehension, such as accidentally gets into something, or suddenly suffering, these hidden in things like a current of good luck and bad luck, be classified as something of "control", which is everything that has "spirit". All things spiritual, and people there. His soul and body together, Undead death must also be converted.
However, so many organs of the body, so many bones, like a little universe, when reduced to a pile of bones, dead to where is home?
There is an old saying in China called "out-of-body" channel of the body is considered to be the soul body, ancient philosopher Lao Tzu believe that this channel at the head of Baihui point. Coincidentally, the soul out of body awareness by head also appears in various ancient relics, anthropological specimens: pottery excavated in Gansu province has bean, little holes are arranged on top of the head; some colored pottery of Banpo fish statue, or head open triangular skylights; in sea Tomb in Xinjiang has found a number of perforated skulls ... ...
Ancient so believes, head that for soul of where, and accordingly creation out was impression deep of story, Yue spring in the of records is a representative: Wu guoliang Minister Wu was slander Minister by victims, he predicted Wu will died, was Wu King hanging head Yu gates, dang more country broken city Shi, he of head play out power, "accounts if Yao electric, beard four Zhang, shot Yu ten in", results more army had to on Wu of head for for offering, this only peace into city.
In view of this, as head of the soul container, inherited not only a living power, Mana available beyond the strangers. So when I WA headhunting, especially picky head master, the Warrior head the best.
However, to worship the dead in search of power, there is a defect, head included, just as an object to be worshipped, after all, difficult to use effectively. So if we can find a way, can hide in the head Elf, directly under human control, exclusive of the fountain of life, an endless stream of output to himself?
Masks are not fake
Solution will be.
Tibetan Buddhist Thangka depicting the mysterious force known for shaping the guardians of the Thangka "Golden elements" as skeletons. Wham disguise they head "five crowns the skull", holding the skull Bowl, on the chest and a skull necklace. We thought it was a terrible attitude to expel evil, practical explanation is not the case, "five skull Crown" represents the Buddha's five wise, or even directly represent the five Buddha and skull is full of "spirit", and fit the wearer.
This "belief" origins very early. Ancient people used in hunting and ritual activities, animal or human skull over his head, dressed as birds and animals or gods. This is not a casual game, it means people want to own one with the supernatural. Put on what appropriate powers will come to. When this imagination stretches, and symbol mask of the head was born.
Mass found in today's "original souvenir", to describe the "face" masks characterized most types is also very rich, we call it "magic". They are unreal, fantasy, strong dominates the spirit of their ancestors.
First magic rock. Made early in Northern Wei Li told Yuan in the waterways, the face paintings in the three Gorges area was recorded: "South of granite, not winter in the autumn, the high and steep stone inll, dozens of steps, face shape, whether large or small, clear, hair everywhere, known as ' Beach '. "
Strange magic
This is a statue found in Hunan region of the bronze tripod line, relief around the tripod a big and bold face. Natural face, unsmiling, though for the casting of the late Shang dynasty, but few people today face no difference. And in stark contrast to the unearthed from Sanxingdui bronze mask, is mysterious because of the deformation. Realistic, exaggerated, meaning there are not decorated, but deterrence and Ghost-by-in addition to SARS.
In fact, such a prominent face of the rock paintings all over the country. In foothills southwest of Jinping, Lianyungang city, Jiangsu Province, stood three stone mountain Center, the stone carved out in the rock around a lot line paintings, all images as "magic". Some pointy beak as long, some of the beast, and AWN-like crop lines connected together. Scholars to brainstorm on the meanings of the petroglyphs, compelling reading is about the God of agriculture, this is likely to be a mask for "worship".
Porcelain, jade, bronze, fantasy face even more. Well-known human face fish net pattern on the spot Banpo painted pottery basin, Sheng decorated hat on head, eyes closed, ears and mouth emblazoned with a fish pattern. This singular form should be why not? It involves a ritual in the daxi culture in the Northwest-the burial of the dead fish in its mouth. Represents the symbol of plenty of fish, human face combined with increased powers.
More widely known image is a glutton. A ritual sacrifices to heaven and Earth in ancient times "Cong", it is made from jade, are hollow, cylindrical round foreign. Demanded appearances mostly depict a geometric-shaped animal shapes, rough-looking ring eye, teeth exposed. Since then, such a popular animal face patterns to Shang and Zhou, in bronze on the "Supreme" patterns, namely gluttony.
Legend has it that gluttonous beast "Gourmandises", why is it God? No convincing answer for a long time. Until 1986, Yuhang, Zhejiang Province against mountain and after the unearthed thousands of items belonging to the Neolithic period of the Liangzhu jade, to uncover a mystery from the source.
People are surprised to find, demanded separate beast, from men--composite patterns simplify the beast beast that crouches below, wearing a crest appear on the witch, her arms spread, like driving. The image of the gods also appeared in a number of jade bracelets, yuhuang, the Jade top, interestingly necromancer's arms and body suggests a kind of realism, but the contours of the face, both sides are rectangular, not as human faces, like the Deputy looks grotesque masks. Look at Monster part, face a great, basic limbs of the body are ignored, itself resembling a pair of animal. In this light, Liangzhu jade animal composite pattern, also became a composite pattern – two mask masked sorcerer and combination of animal as if they were a witch by persona communications world picture.
In the ancient legends, tales, we encounter all kinds of "magic". Cang Jie, two more than mortal eyes; the Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, looks Kiwi – he flew, beard spent, and more than nine feet. Chinese Yi Xia prevention ideas, alien foreign lands will be coated with a strange face, of the classic Badger head of overseas Chinese people remember, that is "human face the beak" Monster, none of these are not instructions, the mask has special significance.
Is forced to sacrifice
Skull mask has a most original, the essence of life, thrilling; bright colorful animal masks ... ... But the people are not satisfied, because they are not touching the "soul".
Masks originated in prehistoric China, filled with the spirits of their ancestors except evil magic. But in the Song dynasty had suddenly changed. Grand nuo figure shows the end of the Song dynasty folk applied makeup, jumped 构词成分。 market, in the name of drive nuo laugh out (photo/National Palace Museum).
The saying goes: "there are two identical faces could not be found. "Also, the humans turn to turn to facial expressions below what the hell? They are holding with the soul? To their ancestors, and it is strange: hidden in the core of the bone so simple, wrapped in the outer face are unpredictable. People are shocked because of the simple, complex and confusing. Complex, the face turned ghost mask quickly past the other.
Nuo sacrifice not only by the new gods in the Song dynasty replaced the old gods, but there is also a tendency to dramatic, and added a lot of entertaining, the strong secular color, also in the Foundation for the later prevailed across China nuo Opera. Diagram, nanfeng in Jiangxi Gan on a villager with a child watching a riot in the village of nuo Opera masks (photography/Xie Jixiang).
It should be said that human emotions are love and fear of ghosts: everything in life and death, health and spirit, death and spirit. Doubt with activities like a living soul and the enjoyment of, and the more Mana than health. Kinky is, the spirit of the dead, mystery, good and evil is hard to tell.
One of the earliest ghost ISO Sou Shen JI Zhi, referred to a ghost of man – Jiang Ziwen. He is a frivolous excesses, often called bone Claire Roberts, died when the will of God, after the army killed chasing a suspect. Once Jiang Ziwen's Ghost encounter former colleagues, is asked to inform the local people, she was the Earth God for its state temple, blessing, and instead blame local plague broke out and sure enough this year. He then repeatedly threatening the people worship, and lowering of the suffering. People frustrated, had to sacrifice.
Jiang Ziwen was claiming to be God, but their image is somewhat like a "rogue" ghost. But we showed, the ancient heart of Ernie and sacrifice, sacrifices and the disaster reduction the subtleties. People afraid of ghosts unprovoked work room, and want to get their blessing. Sacrifice seemed to please the ghost, to compromise a surefire plan.
Nanfeng nuo Opera and nuo called living fossils, modelled on the ancient nuo for Gan Fang, Nan Fung Village Festival "doors of epidemics" custom, door-to-door dancing and nuo (photography/Wu Ruofeng).
In Oracle, the "ghost" of writing there are a number of, gestures or standing or kneeling, afflicted with a huge head, or a giant sacrificial mask. Shang dynasty of superstition in ghosts, superstitious ritual, superstition, to what extent? Every ten days will be offering nothing BU, even will not hesitate to kill in order to sacrifice.
In order to communicate with the smooth soul of ancestors, more in keeping with the spirit of the work also notes, merchants offering patterns emerge colored mask. In Shaanxi Province Cheng Gu area excavated in the Shang bronze mask, 23 shell shaped face: deep concave, eye orbit protrusion, hanging nasal protrusions, carved tusks, highlight the characteristics of face the wicked. The face shell shape consistent with the person's facial features, size is close to face, for through holes on the head and ears, you can use the line on the head.
Masks of Sanxingdui in Sichuan is not the same, wide cheek wide forehead and brow, a long straight nose, facial features anthropomorphic exaggeration, filled with the breath of God. Unearthed the mask where sacrificial pits, during which time approximately 3 cubic metres of landfill fire slag and broken animal bones, even bronze, pottery, jade, ivory was the fire one by one and yearning, the archaeologists conclude, should be used for ritual masks of Sanxingdui.
The "I" who is it?
Two of bouyei, Zhenfeng, Guizhou nuo dancers dress finished, but still no dancing and nuo procedures look between relative, show a different kind of mystery. Mask is the carrier of God, whenever the nuo dancers put on a mask, his personality was a deity for the, became another one of my own. Southwest Guizhou bouyei nuo masks of its reform. Created by bamboo and bamboo shoots woven masks pasted on thick white, again with six-color painted, very expressive.
The view was expressed that masks in the role of ancient cult, but bumbling outfit, or props of bullying. Once a clear ancestor deities and spirits of the life and death of special emotion, singular temple built in the mask, the answer will be quite different.
Nuo class eight primary
Stone post village of nanfeng County in Jiangxi province, is the famous Luo Xiang, figure in the nuo dance dance in the jump, because he had experienced "nuo" field. Stone post except nuo, nuo class form of inheritance is also legendary. Remained in the village headman of the hereditary system, Wu man retains the Majesty of the family, also oversees Luo's main service. Nuo stone email class is fixed with the nuo dancers – eight in eight primary, when someone dies, and the chiefs shall elect a successor. Inadvertently, nuo offering special role to consolidate the society. Photography/Cheng Guoqiang
Nuo debut
A hidden in Orange Park, the quiet little village, one of only three-Bay brick temple, famous, this is associated with the temple door painting of antithetical couplets-"play true play, nuo Yi nuo yan. "
This is the village of nanfeng County of Fuzhou City, Jiangxi province, Shi-mail, small temple is the Temple of nuo.
Visit stone post the best time in the first month. The first day, village exorcism Temple of bustling, people watched "nuo." Nuo box opens, revealing a gorgeous masquerade, which has been frozen for a year, has now been out must be an image of a, and then sent to exorcise Ban Babo (eight nuo) hand, play can begin. Then within half a month, Luo zoucunchuanhu, covers these eight primary face mask, along with the intense dancing, nanfeng nuo, is offering. These days, people no longer see familiar neighbors eight-Bo's face, seeing only the masks represent spirits spirit-Zhong Kui, a mountain, Thunder God, er lang Shen, "ghost man" Lim Kang ... ... Jump straight to the One-Three day after the Lantern Festival "nuo", the eight primary into head masks, comfort the village, daemon vector had been captured, they only reveal true.
Ghost-seating
Hebei Wu nuo fire started overnight, "all gods" were invited to entertain the gods in turn in the VIP stands in place, and incense will, solemn atmosphere shock. Dignified and simple masks can be seen from these images, Wu Luo nuo is under the influence of the Yellow River civilization in the Central Plains, majestic-Yama, and sentenced and Ghost images are no different from secular impression. Many people believe that nuo has disappeared in Central Plains, Wu nuo has broken this myth, guyicun, nuo role in almost every speech, of thirty or forty people wearing masks, painting Facebook's four hundred or five hundred people, exorcise are their "village" treasure.
Photography/children
What is exorcism? Since Shang and Zhou, in addition to other than the Yuan and the Qing, Chinese Kings expelled demons ceremonies are held regularly. Shang and Zhou people strong piece called "Yang" and "Li" expulsion of Yang Li ceremony is called "nuo." Nuo rites of the Zhou dynasty is very complete, is divided into seasons spring "nuo", the autumn "Emperor nuo" winter season "nuo" three times. Even in the monarchy passed, and the encroachment of warring, nuo offering followed by a vassal state.
Emperor nuo confined to the Emperor's Club, social ritual of exorcism by the emperors and Princes in country. Third Grand nuo, scene of the most solemn, the season of the winter months, older age, for the occasion of the year most yin, Yin Qi and daemon vector moving in unison, blink more, must therefore be carefully removed. Nuo called it "great" and that from the Court to the civil, poor people are required to participate in, and thus also called Xiang Luo. Nuo sacrifice, even the "respecting ghosts and away" of Confucius, will also join the village people's team, court dress, and serious demeanor, respectfully greeted the nuo dancers. This Festival, and national party. Spread all over the civil, has been handed down to this day.
Mask back to "House"
Exorcism is a belief in a supernatural power, it is placed in the nuo dancing, entrusted in nuo surface, even though Opera sing, people can go to exorcise feel it there in the temple. Nuo after sacrifice, nuo dancing people solemnly took off his mask, will be delivered to exorcise the temple, most of the exorcism was income in box, only one of them, enjoy a year with nuoshen name. Jiangxi Pingxiang Shi Dong Kou village, nuo, Shangli Temple, this temple dating back more than 687-year history. Facial Makeup
Photography/Wu Ruofeng
Nanfeng County in Jiangxi province have "nuo", since the beginning of Han dynasty. The Han dynasty a General named Wu Rui, good view of geomantic omen, predicted here the sword of evil spirit, must be carried out by the Duke of nuo offering, according to the locals, this offering is more than 2000 years. Stone post village nuo offerings, taboos, is the most decent old nuo, if we were to find a living fossil of the ancient nuo in China, here is one.
Stone post climax nuo offering drama, exorcising the day before night, lighted village, open every door, they are waiting for hatching one of the gods arrive. Torches flashed guns have begun ... ... Surprise surprise drink, with chains rattling Clank ... ... All red floral dajin plainclothes, wearing a hideous mask dancers came, they broke into the yard, and walked into the main room, majestic tour around, aggressive dance artifacts, with bold dance away all the ghosts, and a finished one. This is called "search nuo", is the most ancient part.
Business week every year to expel demons and nuo offerings, are combined and houses of worship. This means hatching one must search in the room, around the doors, canopies, wells, stoves and channel, the ghosts have no place to hide. Bless the internal peace of the world of the gods, to Division guarding every corner of the House and the village, and search access to the village roads, ferocious ghost have nowhere to go and had to go back to the outside world they live.
Teeming with religions
This dizzying array of masks, from Guizhou anshun play the stage. To play Nagy, exorcism, and entertaining God entertainment, mask and assumed the important role. In order to add "God" style, masked by Anaglyph, angular lines behind wood chisel cut directly into his nose. Mask of the color symbolism of the distinctive, red represents the General integrity and uprightness, powder white face is handsome and valiant less handsome, black represents the fierce fighting generals, powder painted-are much more treacherous sinister ... ... These masks without law beforehand, can be placed, no different from the wood. But once the "point", that is sacred, masked character is promoted to godhood.
Nuo dance dancing awkwardly and humble, reminiscent of ancient times. And in this play, such as avoiding really apart from the ceremony, most notably the mask. Ancient nuo masks to highlight is always a hard word. Perhaps in order to strengthen the role of intimidation and attacks on the daemon vector, mask can rival any invading enemy, people are rightfully portrayed them as terrible as ghosts, evil.
This reminding one of a tangled problem, are they really ghosts, or God?
Ghost mask of one world
There is an old saying that God does not break up. In fact, in "ghost" long after the concept was born, ghosts and gods boundaries are less clear, hatching one of the most famous God of Zhong Kui's story is illustrative.
Tang was found in Dunhuang manuscripts of the Chinese new year's Eve flood nuo, story said in a ceremony known as nuo, Zhong Kuigang silver well, wearing a leopard skin, vermilion dyed all over the body, removed the ghosts wandering rivers and lakes around.
God of Zhong Kui are on the how to be a ghost?
And see Tang Plaza history in of "gossip": day Emperor Xuanzong fell ill sleeping sickness, suddenly dream cattle nasal barefoot of IMP--virtual consumption to nuisance, was wrath, was by warrior to drive ghost, and see a big ghost Ben into temple to, long have Peng sent iconology of, face horror, Head Department angle with, wearing blue robe, out bare arm caught IMP, gouged out Xia eyes Hou a swallow has down. Xuanzong frightened, hewen ghost identity, salute each other deeply said Nelson is the zhongnan mountain of Zhong Kui. During the reign of gaozuwude, Chang-Wu-not shame home, touch the front of the temple stone and died. Meng Gaozu given green robe and was buried, and his sense of endless, and swore for the Datang divides wasted demon magic in the world, Zhong Kui is the representative of Chinese spirits.
Scholars text and brushes to create a variety of Zhong Kui--the hot topics the Chinese ghostbuster, the Convention of Zhong Kui traveling, Zhong Kui marries the sister of, there is always a kid by Zhong Kui side, Zhang umbrella, bridge advocacy. Although ghosts and gods are different States, but Shinto down Zhong Kui, is still inseparable from the ghost of Ministry.
This is not alone. The other two ghost "your honour" Hei Bai Wu Chang, legend has it that two men were sworn brothers, two at a time across the white change to go home to take an umbrella, black impermanence is waiting on the bridge, and river, not want to missed appointments black impermanence of death by drowning. Rotary white sees impermanence inconsolable, and hanged near the river. Yama we favor the second meaning, they arrest criminals in the Cheng Huang. They are ghosts, or of God?
Out of Han cultural sphere, in the minority language, Ghost, spirit, spirit, soul is mixed in the same place. Southwest minority demons called "", to the protection of human and animal gods and spirits Division is not clear sometimes ghosts and goblins have their words in the national vocabulary, but in people's minds, but no hard and fast boundaries, or even can replace each other. Some minorities will all kinds of ritual activities are collectively referred to as "sacrifice to devils". In their minds, gods and spirits difficult to clear.
Nuo offering is very mysterious and solemn thing, but in the nuo dancers, also you can see another type of mask. --Such as dates, bearded silkworm eyebrow, his eyes slightly open, as if he were on the stage of Kuan Kung; air gelasmus, and this is another monk in the temple. There is also a funny lopsided Super Kids, bizarre hermaphrodite. When they dance, when people feel is not getting rid of ghosts of plague panic, but heartfelt joy.
Perhaps you may think that this is a nuo Opera, the exact opposite is true, the play is actually from nuo play. This also dates back to the Tang and Song dynasties. People of the time thought to be pleasing to God's heart for God with Ghost, should God cults into entertainment shows. Tang nuo has all of Grand music and dance scene, the song, and dance into the complex play. The play, covering not only the narrow Theatre, also includes a variety of artistic performances, "the theater", theatre, dance, rap and vaudeville as one, called that era's "Spring Festival".
Witnessed many nuo, and rises in the always felt a sense of fantasy, and a "who I am" confused feelings. In dramatic and huge airs beneath the mask, rough homespun clothes tend to be out of the bag, it makes you want to go to the track behind the mask of truth of the nuo dancers, but you can't do it.
Nuo Ban Babo says: put on a face (nuo) is God, took off her face is people. They really believe that God of himself that moment gone to exorcise demons. Ideas of their ancestors came up with masks, one witch ghost, mediocre and power conversion by it.
Executive Editor/even photo editing/Yu Rongpei
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